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#Shunt line with smith chart manual#
#Shunt line with smith chart software#

We know the reflection coefficient is defined as the ratio between the reflected voltage wave and the incident voltage wave: The Γ L is more useful when dealing with RF frequencies. Instead of considering its impedance directly, you express its reflection coefficient Γ L, which is used to characterize a load (such as admittance, gain, and transconductance). Or, it is defined mathematically as the 1-port scattering parameter s or s 11.Ī Smith chart is developed by examining the load where the impedance must be matched. The Smith chart is a polar plot of the complex reflection coefficient (also called gamma and symbolized by Γ). The only effort required is the reading and following of values along the circles. When used correctly, matching impedances, with apparent complicated structures, can be made without any computation. This is particularly true for high-frequency environments like video lines and RF and microwave networks.Ī Smith chart is a circular plot with a lot of interlaced circles on it.

In addition, for efficient power transfer, this condition is required to avoid the reflection of energy from the load back to the source. Diagram of R S + jX S = R L - jX L.įor this condition, the energy transferred from the source to the load is maximized. It is well known that, to get the maximum power transfer from a source to a load, the source impedance must equal the complex conjugate of the load impedance, or:įigure 2.

This can be valid for contingencies such as RS-485 lines, between a PA and an antenna, between an LNA and a downconverter/mixer, and so forth. Fundamentals of impedance and the Smith chart.īefore introducing the Smith chart utilities, it would be prudent to present a short refresher on wave propagation phenomenon for IC wiring under RF conditions (above 100MHz). They can also help the designer with such tasks as optimizing for the best noise figures, ensuring quality factor impact, and assessing stability analysis.įigure 1. Of course, matching for maximum power transfer is not the only thing we can do with Smith charts. Topics addressed include practical illustrations of parameters, such as finding matching network component values. The primary objectives of this article are to review the Smith chart's construction and background, and to summarize the practical ways it is used. Smith chart: Upon which this article concentrates.In short, this is for the super-specialist. Instinct: This can be acquired only after one has devoted many years to the RF industry.

#Shunt line with smith chart manual#

Manual computations: Tedious due to the length ("kilometric") of the equations and the complex nature of the numbers to be manipulated.

#Shunt line with smith chart software#

In addition, circuit-simulation software is not pre-installed on computers, unless they are dedicated to such an application. They also need the expertise to find the useful data among the tons of results coming out. Designers have to be familiar with the multiple data inputs that need to be entered and the correct formats.

Computer simulations: Complex but simple to use, as such simulators are dedicated to differing design functions and not to impedance matching.

There are many ways to do impedance matching, including: The computational values are required to set up the type of structure and target component values. In-situ RF lab measurements, along with tuning work, have to be considered for determining the proper final values. Above a few tens of megahertz, theoretical calculations and simulations are often insufficient. The matching task is required for a proper transfer of signal and energy from a "source" to a "load."Īt high radio frequencies, the spurious elements (like wire inductances, interlayer capacitances, and conductor resistances) have a significant yet unpredictable impact on the matching network. Typically these include the antenna to the low-noise amplifier (LNA), power-amplifier output (RFOUT) to the antenna, and LNA/VCO output to mixer inputs. One is the need to match the different impedances of the interconnected blocks. When dealing with the practical implementation of RF applications, there are always some nightmarish tasks.